简介
This book is intended to be the text for a course in thermodynamics for undergrad – uate students in chemical engineering . It has been used in this manner at the Uni –versity of Delaware for more than twenty years , originally as a course for third - year students and currently for sophomores . I had two Objectives in writing the first edi –tion of this bood , which have been reyained in the succeeding editions .The first was to develop a modern applied thermodynamics text , especially for chemical engineer - ing students , that was relevant to other parts of the curriculum , speciflcally courses in separations processes , chemical reactor analysis , and process design . The other Objective was to organize and present material in sufflcient detail , and in such a way that the sutdent obtained a good understanding of the principles of thermodynam - ics , and a proflciency in applying these principles tol the solution of a large variety of energy flow and equilibuium problems .
Since the first two editions largely met these goals , and the principles of thermo - dynamics have not changed in the last decade , this edition is similar in structure to the earlier ones . However , there have been three importantchanges in engineering education in the recent decades . The first is the availability of powerful desktop com –is the application of chemical engineering principles to new technology areas such as biotechnology, polymers , solid – state processing , etc . In the current edition of this text I have made changes to address each of these issues .
The availability of desktop computers and equation - solving software has nowmade it possible to bring engineering science , industrial practice , and undergraduate education much closer together . In particular , students in their dormitory rooms or at home can now perform sophisticated thermodynamics and phase equilibrium cal - culations similar to those that they will encounter in industry . I provide two different ways to accomplish this .
The first is to utilize the set of progranms I have developed for certain types of cal – culations . These programs are for : (1) the calculation of thermodynamic properties and vapor – liquid equilibrium of a pure fluid described by a cubic equation of state; (2) the calculation of the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria for a mul – ticomponent mixture described by a cubic equation of state ; (3) the prediction of activity coefficients in a mixture using the UNIQUAC group comtribution activity coefficient model ; and (4) the calculation of chemical equilibrium constants and the standard state heats of reaction as a function of temperature using a database of approximately 100 compounds . These programs are provided both as program code and as stand - alone executable modules.
The second is to mae use of computer algebra/calculus programs such as MATH-CAD. The solutions to the illustrations and homework problems in this book were largely done with that program . Alternatively , students and instructors could use similar protrams such sa MATHEMATICA , MAPLE , MATLAB of others . Ibelieve that such computer algebra programs , that allow students to solve difficult prlblems without having to become experts in computer programming and numeri cal analysis , should have an important role throughout the chemical engineering cur – riculum , Most importantly , they let the student concentrate on the subject matter at hand , here thermodynamics , rather than being distracted by computational methods , algorithms and programming languages . However , while these equation – solving pro – grams are valuable educational tools , there is nothing in this textbook that requires their use . This book can be used with or without such programs as the instructor feels is appropriate . For those who would like to explore the use of such programs , Ihave prepared a number of problem worksheets using MATHCAD. The set of programs discussed above and the MATHCAD worksheets can be downloaded from the Web site for this text . Access www.wiley.com/college/sandler and follow the instructions given there.
In an effort to make the subject of thermodynamics more accessible to the stu –dent I have made several pedagogical changes in this edition . First , the format of the book has been changed to provide room for marginal notes . The notes I have added are meant to emphasize the concepts Ibilieve to be important , as well as to make it easier for the student to find those concepts again at a later time . Since I frequently write notes in the margins of books , I also wanted to provide a place for students to add notes of their own . A second change was to put boxes around important equa –tions , so that the reader can easily identify the equations that are the end results of sometimes quite detailed analysis . In this way it is hoped that the student will easily see the important tree in what may appear to be a forest of equations . Also , I have provided a short title or deScription to indicate what is to be learned from or seen in each illustration .
A reader familiar with the second edition of this text will notice that while the basic structure of text is largely unchanged , there are many subtle changes , For example, SI units are now used throughout , and there are many new illustrative and home – work problems . Illustrations have been added not only to demonstrate new concepts, but also to provide breaks among pages of mathematical derivations or the ; mody – namic philosophy. Also , to make thermodynamics and phase equilibria more rele – vant to the interests of students, I have added several new sections . One section deals with computing the distribution of a chemical pollutant throughout the environment as an illustration of multi – phase equilibria . Two other sections use thermodynamics to understand the dangers of physical and chemical explosions . There are also newsections introducing electrochemical processes , the phase behavior of polymer solu – tions , the thermodynamic behavior of molten metals , and coupled chemical reactions in biochemical systems . I have also added sections on traditional areas such as the liquefaction of gases , and on power and refrigeration cycles . Finally , I have included a section on the new class of mixing rules that combines equations of state and activitycoefficient models . Such mixing rules are perhaps the most important development in applied thermodynamics in the last decade , and have greatly increased the range of applicability and utility of equations of state.
While some of the idiosyncrasies that appeared in the two earlier editions of this text remain here , the reader will find more use of the terms such the first , second , and third laws of thermodynamics , and chemical potential than I included in the earlier editions . I prefer , and continue to use , the partial molar Gibbs free energy , which describes the function exactly , to the traditional term of chemical potential . Likewise , I rather use the term energy balance than the first law , etc . Also , I prefer to show that the Carnot efficiency can easily be found once entropy is defined , rather than the more common procedure of introducing entropy (and the second law ) in terms of the Carnot cycle . My experience with the latter method is that students have difficulty making the necessary generalization if the concept entropy and the second law are introduced in terms of a specific device.
It has been more than a decade since the appearance of the second edition of this book . During this time many people have encouraged me to prepare this third edi-tion , and have graciously contributed their ideas and advice . The most important contributors have been the undergraduate and graduate students I have taught at Delaware with their incredibly inquisitive minds and penetrating questions . I have also benefited from the helpful comments of faculty colleagues at the University of Delaware and elsewhere who have used the earlier editions of this book, The comments of professor Raul Lobo (Univ . of Delaware ), who taught from a draft version of this third edition , and also contributed several new problems , and profes – sor Lawrence R . Dodd (Polytechnic Inst . of N . Y .) , who has provided many correc – tions to the earlier edition , are greatly appreciated . Professor Clayton Radke (Univ. California-Berkeley) introduced me to the advantages of using MATHCAD in undergraduate chemical engineering courses . The use of this tool in this edition is largely the result of the contagion of his enthusiasm that has spread to me . However , again I want to emphasize that there is nothing in this book that requires the use of MATHCAD or any other equation-oslving program.
Perhaps most important in completing this third edition was having the time avail-able to do this . This was provided from several sources . First and foremost my wife and (now grown) children , who over the years have graciously accepted the fact that I am so inefficient that I always work on evenings and weekends . Judith , my wife , has also proofread the galley proofs and helped prepare the index , and my son Michael has prepared some of the computer programs available on the Web site . Second , from the administration and my faculty colleagues at the University of Delaware who have provided the unencumbered thme of a sabbatical leave that proved necessary for the completion of this revision . Finally , I also wish to thank my friends and colleagues in the Departments of Chemical Engineering at the Univer-sity of California – Berkeley and the University of Queensland (Brisbane , Australia ) for their hospitality, companionship and use of their facilities during that sabbatical leave.
Stanley I . Sandler
Newark , Delaware
December 25, 1997
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